Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition—most commonly caused by long-term smoking or air pollution—that makes breathing difficult. COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis and requires ongoing management to maintain quality of life.
Key Symptoms
- Persistent cough with mucus
- Shortness of breath, especially during exertion
- Wheezing and chest tightness
- Frequent respiratory infections
Risk Factors
Smoking
Primary cause in most patients.
Air pollution & occupational dust
Long-term exposure raises risk.
Age & genetics
Risk increases with age; alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic factor.
Diagnosis & Tests
Diagnosis is usually made with a spirometry test (lung function test). Other assessments include chest X-ray, CT scan, and oxygen level checks.
Treatment & Management
- Smoking cessation: Most effective step to slow progression.
- Inhaler medicines: Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids — correct technique is essential.
- Pulmonary rehabilitation: Exercise, education, and breathing training.
- Vaccinations: Annual flu vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine to reduce infections.
- Oxygen therapy: For advanced disease when oxygen levels are low.
Practical Tips for Daily Life
- Learn proper inhaler technique — ask a pharmacist to demonstrate.
- Use breathing techniques (pursed-lip breathing) during exertion.
- Plan activities with rest breaks and avoid air pollutants where possible.
- Keep an action plan for flare-ups and know when to seek urgent care.